Sunt avioane folosite pentru detectia si urmarirea tintelor aflate la sol , comanda si control.
Radarele aeriene de supraveghere terestra au reusit sa asigure inlature "ceata razboiului", termen consacrat de Clausewitz pentru a defini lipsa de informatii pertinente.
Primele incercari au aparut in timpul ww2, folosind radarul tip H2S , montat pe diverse tipuri de avioane britanice sau americane, avand ca scop initial un bombardament de inalta precizie .
Dupa numeroase imbunatatiri, acest radar a fost folosit pe avioane Vickers Valiant in Criza Suezului din 1956 sau Avro Vulcan in Falkland 1982, operatiunea Black Buck.
SUAUnul din primele avioane dotate cu un radar pentru supraveghere la sol a fost OV-1D, fiind folosit in razboiul din Vietnam.
Tacit Blue
A fost poreclit "balena" sau " autobuzul scolar al extraterestrilor".
Nu stiu cat de avansate erau caracteristicile stealth, dar rezultatele obtinute de echipamentul electronic au fost foarte bune, acestea fiind apoi montate de urmatoarea generatie, E 8 JSTARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar).
Acesta este un avion folosit pentru supraveghere terestra, battle management , comanda si control (C2). Au fost folosite 17 avioane tip Boeing 707 -300 modificate si ulterior remotorizate.
Introducerea in exploatare a inceput in 1991, cand primele doua avioane aflate inca in testare au participat la razboiul din Golf.
Echipamentul principal este un radar AN/APY 3 , ce functioneaza in mai multe moduri de operare : ground moving target indicator (GMTI), fixed target indicator (FTI), target classification si synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
E 8C
Radarul asigura stabilirea numarului de vehicule, pozitia lor, directia si viteza de miscare . Nu poate stabili tipul de vehicul sau daca este sau nu inamic. Datele sunt analizate, verificate si transmise catre comandanti de un modul aflat la sol. Acopera o arie cu raza de 250 km.
Informatiile sunt folosite pentru ghidarea avioanelor catre tinte, reglarea tirurilor de artilerie, etc
Retragerea irakiana din Kuweit vazuta din E 8
Avioanele JSTARS au fost folosite in majoritatea operatiunilor militare ale SUA, derulate dupa 1991.
UK
Englezii au incercat in anii '80 dezvoltarea unor aparate de supraveghere terestra, folosind cunoscutul BN 2T, dotat cu un radar , respectiv programul ASTOR ( Airborne Sand Off Radar). A iesit ceva cam ciudat.
BN -2T ASTOR G-DLRA
In 2004, RAF a primit in dotare Raytheon Sentinel, avion de supraveghere derivat dintr-un business jet Bombardier Global Express, dotat cu un radar Raytheon dual mode : synthetic aperture radar/moving target indicator (SAR/MTI). In total au fost fabricate 5 aparate folosite in operatiuni militare in Afganistan, Mali, Nigeria, Siria.
Raytheon Sentinel
Intrucat englezii intentioneaza sa renunte la cel putin unul din avioane, indienii au solicitat cumpararea sa.
In afara avioanelor din aceasta clasa, se folosesc si avioane de mici dimensiuni dotate cu radare de supraveghere, in general pentru patrulare frontaliera sau operatiuni militare de mica amploare.
In SUA se folosesc pe propriul teritoriu si aerostate purtatoare de radare tip JLENS , EL/M 2083 sau Tethered Aerostat Radar System (TARS).
AVIOANE SIGINT
Pe langa informatiile colectate prin fotografiere, (IMINT) , in cadrul operatiunilor militare este deosebit de importanta activitatea SIGINT (Signal Intelligence) . Aceasta consta in interceptarea semnalelor ce provin din comunicatii (COMINT) , respectiv conversatii radio, telefonice, text sau email si a semnalelor provenite de la diverse echipamente, altele decat cele folosite pentru comunicatii (ELINT), in mod deosebit radare, sisteme anti aeriene, etc
Cunoasterea frecventelor radarelor de supraveghere sau control al focului , locatia exacta a lor, sunt date esentiale despre un inamic.
Operatiunile tip SIGINT efectuate de avioanele militare special dotate, sunt din punct de vedere legal, actiuni de spionaj.
Unul din cele mai utile instrumente obţinute din procesarea tuturor informatiilor este Electronic order of battle (EOB), care identifica intr-o anumita zona sursele ce emit semnale radio , stabilind pozitia, gradul de mobilitate, sau rolul lor ierarhic si organizational. Pe baza EOB, se pot stabili cele mai bune tactici de atac al tintelor din zona.
Electronic order of battle
Avioanele folosite pentru SIGINT sunt in general avioane de transport modificate si dotate cu echipamente specifice, de obicei fiind pastrata o mare discretie asupra dotarilor.
SUA
C 130 Hercules in diverse variante a fost utilizat pentru actiuni SIGINT mai ales la frontierele URSS si RPC incepand cu 1958.
RC 12 Guardrail sunt o familie de avioane SIGINT echipate in diverse variante folosite pentru actiuni tactice SIGINT. Au devenit operationale incepand cu 1971 si a fost modernizate de mai multe ori.
Raytheon RC 12 N
Boeing RC 135 sunt avioane ce au la baza C 135 Stratolifter, o varianta militara a B 707. Au fost introduse in dotarea USAF incepand cu 1962, un numar de 31 fiind construite in diverse configuratii cu dotari specifice fiecarui tip de misiune. Platforma standard pentru SIGINT este RC 135 V/W Rivet Joint.
RC 135 Rivet joint
Americanii folosesc termenul de triada de fier (iron triad) pentru cele trei principale tipuri de avioane folosite pentru rol de recunoastere si supraveghere. Aceste "big wings" (E 3 SENTRY AWACS, E 8C JSTARS si RX 135V/W Rivet Joint), joaca un rol esential in operatiunile militare ale USA .
Iron Triad
Rusia
Antonov 12 Cub -B
Avionul doborat anul acesta in Siria.
Il 20 M Coot A
Un avion derivat din TO 204, avand misiuni SIGINT, rusii sustinand ca are la bord un radar ce poate "vedea" chiar si tintele aflate sub suprafata solului. A fost folosit in Siria si posibil Ucraina.
TU 214 R
Franta
A folosit doua DC 8 modificate.pana in 2004.
DC-8 SARIGUE NG
C -160 TRANSALL Gabriel
In anii '50 - 3 aparate
T 82 Vickers Varsity
In anii '60 2 aparate.
SE 210 Caravelle
In prezent 4 aparate.
Gulfstream IV Karpen
Coreea de Sud
Are in dotare 8 aparate :
Raytheon Hawker 800 SIG
.
China
10 aparate :
TU 154 M/D
Shaanxi Y 8
ISRAEL
Foloseste cel putin doua aparate B 707 modificate local, care vor fi inlocuite de Gulfstream G 500, echipate cu sisteme israeliene.
Avioane asemanatoare modificate in Israel, sunt folosite de Argentina -1, Chile -1, India -1, Spania-1.
Turcia foloseste 6 Hercules SIGINT.
AVIOANE PENTRU OPERATIUNI PSIHOLOGICE
PSYOPS
Daca in trecut se foloseau diverse tipuri de avioane pentru raspandirea de afise cu rol de propaganda avand rolul de a influenta moralul militarilor sau a populatiei civile, iar apoi s-a folosit chiar montarea de difuzoare puternice pentru emiterea de mesaje, in prezent se folosesc platforme aeriene pentru a emite emisiuni radio sau TV pe teritoriul inamicului.
Americanii au folosit prima data EC 121 Coronet solo in anii '60, EC 130 E incepand cu 1980 , iar din 2004 EC 130J Commando Solo. Au participat in misiuni in Irak, Afganistan, Bosnia, Libia, transmitand mai ales noaptea emisiuni de propaganda.
EC 130J Commando Solo
Chinezii folosesc avioane Gaoxin 7 cu acelasi scop.
Dupa ww2, avioanele de spionaj au fost implicate in numeroase incidente militare, in care si-au pierdut viata foarte multi membrii ai echipajelor. In dorinta de a preveni spionajul, au fost doborate si avioane de pasageri in mod deliberat. In general aceste tipuri de avioane , aparent pasnice si neinarmate, executa misiuni de maxima importanta care sunt foarte riscante. De curand tocmai a fost doborat un Il 20M rusesc in Siria cu 15 victime.
Desi asistam la o crestere imensa a dronelor folosite in aceste scopuri, se pare ca inca mult timp vor opera si avioanele clasice.
Il 20 M Siria
Lista avioanelor de recunoastere sau supraveghere doborate, sau care au fost implicate in incidente
Date Type Unit Location Claimed By Notes 15-Nov-45 PBM-5 USN Port Arthur Unknown Shot at but escaped 20-Feb-46 PBM-5 USN VP-26 Darien Unknown Damaged but escaped 22-Apr-46 C-47 USAAF Tullin, Nr Vienna Shot at but escaped None 9-Aug-46 C-47 USAAF Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Dragomir Zecevic in a YAK-3 Shot at and crash landed 5 Survivors 19-Aug-46 C-47 USAAF Near Bled Yugoslavia Vladimir Vodopivec in a YAK-3 5 Fatalities 1946 Dakota RAF Near Nis Yugoslavia Zelijko Cermelj in a YAK-3 Forced to land 27-Oct-48 P-38 Lightning Italian Air Force Yugoslavia Unknown Disappeared on a sortie 7-Jan-49 Spitfire FR18 x 4 Royal Air Force Sinai near Faluja Israel Spitfires Shot down on a recce sortie 22-Oct-49 RB-29 USAF Sea of Japan Shot at but escaped None 8-Apr-50 PB4Y-2 USN Baltic Sea Lt Ivan, St Lt’s Dokin, Gerasimov & Lt Sataev all in La-11s 10 Fatalities at least 8 crewmembers were sighted in prison, but all subsequently disappeared 24-Apr-50 P-38 USAAF Unknown Mj Keleinikov claimed as shot down but unconfirmed None Apr-50 B-26 USAF Unknown P Dushin Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed Apr-50 B-26 USAF Unknown V Sidorov Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed Apr-50 F-51 x 2 USAF Unknown Nikolia N Guzhov Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed 11-May-50 B-24 USAF Unknown Kap II Shinkarenko Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed 15-Jul-50 RB-29 USAF Nr Permskoye airfield Unknown Shot at but escaped 4-Sep-50 Twin-Engined Bomber Soviet Korean West coast nr 38th parallel Unknown Approached and fired at USN formation and was then shot down crew presumed dead 8-Oct-50 F-80 x 2 USAF Nr Vladivostok Unknown Allegedly strafed an airfield - unconfirmed 4-Dec-50 RB-45C USAF Nr Antung, N Korea Unknown Unknown 6-Nov-51 P2V-3 USN Nr Vladivostok Lukashyev & Shchukin 10 fatalties 18-Nov-51 C-47 USAF Nr Papa in Hungary St Lt Kalugin in MiG-15 Forced to land no casualties 1-Apr-52 Unknown USN China Sea Unknown Shot at but escaped 29-Apr-52 DC-4 Air France Nr Berlin Two MiG-15s Shot at aircraft damaged, 3 wounded 13-Jun-52 RB-29 USAF Sea of Japan Kap Fedotov & St Lt Proskurin 12 fatalities a member of the crew was sighted in prison. 16-Jun-52 PBY-5A Sweden Baltic Sea Unknown Casualties unknown 13-Jul-52 DC-3 Sweden Baltic Sea Kap Osinskii Casualties unknown 31-Jul-52 PBM-5S2 USN Formosa Unknown Shot at but escaped 20-Sep-52 P4Y-2S USN China coast H Zhongdao Shot at but escaped 7-Oct-52 RB-29 USAF Nr Kurile Islands St Lt’s Zheryakov & Lesnov 8 fatalities 8-Oct-52 C-47 USAF Nr Berlin Unknown Shot at but escaped 23-Nov-52 P4Y-2S USN Shanhai Unknown Shot at but escaped 29-Nov-52 C-47 CIA China Unknown 2 fatalities 12-Jan-53 B-29 USAF Manchuria Unknown 3 fatalities 18-Jan-53 P2-V5 USN Nr Formosa Unknown Shot down by ground fire - 6 fatalities 10-Mar-53 F-84G USAF W Germany nr Czech border Jaroslav Sramek One F-84G shot down by a MiG-15, pilot ejected and survived 12-Mar-53 Lincoln RAF W Germany Nr Elbe Unknown Shot down by Soviet MiG-15s 7 fatalities None 17-Mar-53 Viking BEA Nr Berlin Unknown Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped 22-Mar-53 B-50 USAF Unknown Unknown Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped 15-Mar-53 RB-50 USAF Kamchatka Unknown Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped 29-Jul-53 RB-50 USAF Sea of Japan near Vladivostok St Lts Rybakov & Yablonovskii Shot down by Soviet MiG-15s 1 survivor, 15 fatalities Aug-53 Canberra RAF Near Kapustin Yar Unknown Aircraft shot at and damaged by MiGs - unconfirmed 17-Aug-53 T-6 USAF Korea Unknown Shot down by N Korean ground fire 1 fatality, 1 survivor 2-Oct-53 PBM-5 USN Yellow Sea Unknown Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped 30-Dec-53 F-86 x 4 USAF Korea Unknown Shot at by four Mig-15s but escaped 27-Jan-54 RB-45C USAF Yellow Sea Lt Eric Beecroft Shot at by MiG-15s but escaped 1 MiG shot down by F-86 12-Mar-54 AD-4 x 2 USAF Near Czech border Unknown Shot at by Czech MiGs but escaped 29-Apr-54 RB-46C RAF on loan from USAF Near Kiev Unknown Shot at whilst on overflight but escaped undamaged 8-May-54 RB-47 USAF Nr Murmansk Unknown Exchanged gunfire with MiG-17s whilst on overflight damaged but escaped 26-May-54 B-17 RoCAF China Unknown Shot Down over Fujian by PLA AAA - 4 fatalties 3-Jun-54 Transport Aircraft Belgian Yugoslavia Unknown Shot at by MiGs but escaped 1 fatality 23-Jul-54 DC-4 Cathy Pacific Hainan Unknown Shot down by Chinese La-9 fighters 10 fatalities, 8 survived 26-Jul-54 AD-4 x 2 USN Hainan Lt Tatham & Ens Crooks Lt’s Damien, Rochford, Wahlstrom, Ribble and Lt Cdr Salsig Attacked by 2 Chinese La-9 fighters two La-9s shot down. Both aircraft victories shared by the various pilots involved 4-Sep-54 P2-V USN Siberian Coast Unknown Shot down by Soviet MiGs 10 fatalities 12-Sep-54 PB4Y RoCAF China Unknown Shot Down by PLA AAA near Xiamen - 9 fatalties 7-Nov-54 RB-29 USAF Sea of Japan nr Hokkaido Kap Kostin & St Lt Seberyakov Shot down by Soviet fighters but crash landed 1 fatality and 10 survivors 19-Jan-55 Unknown US Army Korea Unknown Shot down by ground fire 1 fatality and 1 survivor 5-Feb-55 RB-45C USAF Off Korean coast Unknown Attacked by 8 MiG-15s escorting F-86s shot down 2 MiGs 17-Apr-54 RB-47 USAF Kamchatka Kap Korotkov & Lt Sazhin Shot down by MiG-17s 3 fatalities 10-May-55 F-86 x 8 USAF Off Korean coast Cpt Robert Fulton and 1st Lt Burt Phythyon Eight F-86s attacked by 12 MiGs 2 MiGs shot down all F-86s undamaged 22-Jun-55 RT-33A RoCAF China Unknown Shot Down near Fujian by PLA MiG-15 over Jiangxi by PLA MiG-17 - 1 fatality 22-Jun-55 P2-V USN Bering Straits Unknown Attacked and damaged by 2 MiG fighters aircraft crash landed in Alaska 11 survivors 27-Jul-55 Constellation El Al Bulgaria Unknown Attacked and shot down 58 fatalities 18-Aug-55 LT-6 USAF Korea Unk Shot down by ground fire 1 fatality 22-Jun-56 B-17 RoCAF China Unknown Shot Down over Jiangxi by PLA MiG-17 - 11 fatalties 22-Aug-56 P4-M USN Wenchow Z Song 16 fatalities 10-Sep-56 RB-50 USAF Sea of Japan Unknown Disappeared possibly shot down 31-Oct-56 Canberra RAF Syria Unknown Shot down - 1 fatality 10-Nov-56 C-46 RoCAF China Unknown Shot Down over Jejigxi by PLA MiG - 9 fatalties 15-Apr-57 RF-84F RoCAF China Unknown Crashed whilst being pursued by PLA MiG - 1 fatality 5-Nov-57 B-26 RoCAF China Unknown Shot Down - 5 POWs 23-Dec-57 T-33 USAF Albania Unknown Possibly shot down 18-Feb-58 RB-57A RoCAF Yellow Sea Unknown Shot down over Shandong by PLAN J-5A - 1 fatality 6-Mar-58 F-86 USAF N Korea Unknown Shot down by ground fire 1 survivor 17-Jun-58 RF-84F RoCAF China Unknown Crashed in Fujian whilst pursued by PLA MiG15s - 1 fatality 27-Jun-58 C-118 USAF Soviet Armenia Kap’s Svetlichnikov & Zakharov Shot down by Soviet MiG-17s all 9 crew survived 2-Sep-58 C-130A USAF Soviet Armenia near Yerevan St Lt’s Gavrilov, Ivanov, Kucheryaev & Lopatkov 6 fatalities returned to USA - 11 unaccounted for. Rumours that some crew members died in Soviet prisons 29-Sep-58 C-46 RoCAF China Unknown Shot Down by PLA - 3 fatalties 2-Oct-58 C-46 RoCAF China PLA AAA Shot Down - 5 fatalties 31-Oct-58 RB-47 USAF Black Sea Unknown Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived 7-Nov-58 RB-47 USAF Baltic Sea Unknown Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived 7-Nov-58 RB-47 USAF Sea of Japan Unknown Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived 29-May-59 B-17 RoCAF China Unknown Shot down near Guandong by MiG-17PF - 14 fatalities 16-Jun-59 P2-V USN Sea of Japan Unknown Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived 7-Oct-59 RB-57D RoCAF China SA-2 missile Shot down near Beijing - 1 fatality 1-May-60 U-2 CIA Sverdlovsk SA-2 missiles Shot down pilot later returned to USA 25-May-60 C-47 USAF E Germany Soviet MiGs Forced down all 9 crew returned to USA 1-Jul-60 ERB-47H USAF Barents Sea Kap Vasilii Polyakov Shot down 2 survivors, 4 fatalities 15-Feb-61 P4Y RoCAF China Burmese fighter aircraft Shot down near Thai-Burma border - 5 fatalities 2-Aug-61 RF-101A RoCAF Fukien Unknown Shot down by PLA AAA - 1 fatality 6-Nov-61 RB-69A RoCAF China SA-2 missile Shot down by PLA AAA - 13 fatalities 5-Jun-62 DC-3 Sweden Baltic Unknown Shot down 16-Jun-62 Catalina Sweden Baltic Unknown Shot down 1-Aug-62 RB-69A RoCAF China Unknown Believed shot down - 13 fatalities 9-Sep-62 U-2A RoCAF China SA-2 missile Shot down over Nanchang - 1 fatality 27-Oct-62 U-2C USAF Cuba SA-2 missile Shot down 17-May-63 Helicopter US Army N Korea Unknown Shot down 2 survivors 19-Jun-63 RB-69A RoCAF China Unknown Shot down 14 fatalities 6-Aug-63 LT USAF N Korea Unknown Shot down 1-Nov-63 U-2C RoCAF Shanghai SA-2 missile over Jiangxi Shot down 24-Jan-64 T-39 USAF E Germany Unknown 3 fatalities 10-Mar-64 RB-66C USAF E Germany Unknown 11-Jun-64 RB-69A RoCAF China Unknown Shot down by PLA MiG-17F 7-Jul-64 U-2C RoCAF China Shot down by SA-2 missile over Fujian 1 survivor 18-Dec-64 RF-101A RoCAF China Unknown Shot down by PLAN J-6 10-Jan-65 U-2C RoCAF China SA-2 missile 1 fatality 18-Mar-65 RF-101 RoCAF China Unknown Shot down by PLA MiG-19 - 1 fatality 27-Apr-65 ERB-47H USAF N Korea Unknown Attacked by N Korean MiGs crew survived 31-Aug-65 C-123B RoCAF China Unknown Believed shot down over South China Sea 27-Jun-65 C-123B RoCAF China Unknown Shot down by Viet Kong over Saigon 11-Sep-65 RB-57F Pakistan India SA-2 missile Aircraft damaged but made a crash landing 1-Oct-65 U-2C RoCAF China Unknown Shot down by PLA SA-2 over Inner Mogolia 14-Dec-65 RB-57F USAF Black Sea SA-2 missile Shot down- 2 fatalities 10-Jan-66 HU-16A RoCAF Formosa Unknown Shot down by PLA MiG-17 over Matsu whilst transporting defectors to Taiwan. 22-Aug-67 C-123B RoCAF China Unknown Believed shot down over South China Sea 8-Sep-67 U-2 RoCAF China SA-2 missile Shot Down 2-Apr-68 U-2C RoCAF China Unknown Shot down 2-Apr-68 U-2C RoCAF China Unknown Shot down 30-Jun-68 DC-8 USAF Kurile Islands Kap’s Igonin, Alexandrov, Moroz & Maj Evtoshenko Forced down by Soviet fighters all 17 on board survived Jan-69 U-2C RoCAF China SA-2 missile Shot down 16-May-69 U-2C RoCAF China SA-2 missile Shot down 15-Apr-69 EC-121M US Navy North Korea Unknown Shot down by N Korean MiGs all 31 crew members died 17-Aug-69 OH-23 US Army Korea Unknown Shot down - 3 crew members survived 1970 U-2C RoCAF China SA-2 missile Shot down 21-Oct-70 U-8 USAF Armenia Unknown Shot down 4 crew survived 14-Jul-77 CH-47 US Army Korea Unknown Shot down 3 fatalities, 1 survivor 20-Apr-78 B-707 Korean Air Lines Murmansk Kap A Bosov Fired on by Soviet SU-15 fighters and crash landed 6-Sep-83 B-747 Korean Air Lines Sakhalin Mj’s Gennadii & Osipovich Shot down by Soviet SU-15s all 269 on board were killed 24-Apr-92 C-130 USAF Peru Unknown Attacked by Peruvian Su-22s 1 fatality 17-Dec-94 OH-58A US Army Korea Unknown Shot down 1 fatality and 1 survivor 01.APR '01 EP-3E ARIES US Navy China Colieded eith J 8II Forced to land in China
